In this presentation, we will be covering variable frequency drives vfds and their theory, application. This article is intended to provide a basic understanding of ac drive operation principle and theory, and ac drive benefits. This short interview will provide guidelines and fundamentals of why using ac drives to control motor speeds offer business and production efficiency advanta. Inverter school text inverter beginner course inverter school text inverter beginner course model model code specifications subject to change without notice. At the input side an ac drive resembles a dc drive in that an alternating current ac input is regulated to dc by scrs or a simple bridge rectifier. Oct 03, 2012 basics of ac drives why would you want them. In theory, an autotransformer can be used to vary the voltage to an ac. Huge energy savings potential operating centrifugal fans, pumps and compressors vary frequency of electrical supply to an induction motor to vary the motor speed. Ac drives lead the technical revolution of electric forklifts peter taube danaher motion wood dale, il. Simply put, an ac drive, also often referred to as a variable frequency drive or a vfd, is a power supply control and conditioning device for ac motors. May 2008 induction motor speed control standard induction motors nema design b have approximately 3% slip at full load. Ac drive theory and application application guide ap04014005e effective. Advanced information is shown in italics, and may be skipped on first reading.
Basic ac theory ac generation ac generation an understanding of how an ac generator develops an ac output will help the student analyze the ac power generation process. It includes an introduction to drives, which may be informative to first time users. This variable may need to be kept constant or be changed according to a preset pattern. Introduction to ac drives table of contents futuronix.
The theory used in the work was collected by studying literature on how. Change ac frequency variable speed ac motor adjustable speed drives are known as inverters, variable frequency drives vfd, or adjustable speed drives asd. This is definition used in all topical discussion on this paper. Voltage values given in these examples are used for explanation only. These automationdirect durapulse gs4 series ac inverters, also called ac drives or variable frequency drives, provide the frequency and voltage needed to drive an ac motor. Guide to harmonics with ac drives describes harmonic distortion, its sources and effect, and also distortion calculation and evaluation with special attention to the methods for reducing harmonics with ac drives. Field flux is obtained either from permanent magnet or from field winding excitation. In addition, all modern electric trains or locomotive systems have been powered by electrical drives. The most popular type is the 3phase, squirrelcage ac induction motor. A servo motor is an electrical device which can push or rotate an object with great precision. The frequency of an alternated circuit is measured by the number of times the. The term inverter is also used to describe an ac variable speed drive. Power conversion unit the block diagram below shows the power conversion unit in pulse width modulated pwm drives. Direct torque control or dtc is the most advanced ac drive technology.
The v is a worldclass compact current vector drive that defines a new world standard. The motor driven by the inverter is a mainly threephase squirrelcage motor, and the motor driven by the vector inverter is threephase type motor with encoder which detects a position and speed. Ac motor, main drive controller assembly, and drive operator interface 210211 ac motor. Ac drive control speed of ac motor by varying output voltage and frequency through sophisticated microprocessor controlled electronics device. It is just made up of simple motor which run through servo mechanism. Developed by sigmund freud, it was presented in his book, the ego and the id, which was published in 1923. Variable frequency drives vfds popular speed control devices used in industrial, commercial and residential applications. Singlephase midpoint and bridge types of stepup and stepdown. These applications include single motor driven pumps, fans and compressors, as well as highly sophisticated multidrive machines. Fundamentals of servo motion control parker hannifin. Force may be caused by electromagnetism, gravity, or a combination of physical means.
When ac theory is introduced, and especially when there is a bias towards radio frequencies, the very first new idea required by many people at least is a correct understanding of the word electricity. Throughout the decades, the drive theory has gone through various changes. Pulse width modulation pwm variable frequency drive the unique method by which this type vfd creates variable voltage gives the pwm vfd its name. Energy savings traditionally used to justify installation. Control loop of an ac drive using dtc controlling variables with the revolutionary dtc technology developed by abb, field orientation is achieved without feedback using advanced motor theory to calculate the motor torque directly and without using. A better understanding of ac drives will lead to improved application and selection of both equipment and hvac systems. The control of electric motor drives requires control of electric power. Dc to alternating current ac is known as an inverter. This paper deals with a few major application of ac motors and drives with special controls in steel plants. No annoying ads, no download limits, enjoy it and dont forget to bookmark and share the love. Variable frequency drives vfd, aka variable speed drive vsd have been available for use with a wide range of applications for over 20 years. Learn about controlling motor speeds and energy savings, as well control strategies. The basics of ac drives eep electrical engineering portal.
Pulse width modulated, or pwm vfds, deliver a constant voltage hertz ratio with no line notching and very stable current input for the motor. Vector control, also called fieldoriented control foc, is a variablefrequency drive vfd control method in which the stator currents of a threephase ac electric motor are identified as two orthogonal components that can be visualized with a vector. Guide to harmonics with ac drives describes harmonic. The permanent magnet north and south poles, in effect, are the salient teeth of this design, and therefore prevent slip. Later in the course we will see how these terms apply to ac drives. In the intermediate dc circuit, the dc voltage is filtered. Siemens standard drives division manufacture standard inverters up to. Output frequency and voltage is controlled electronically by controlling the width of the pulses of voltage to the motor. There are many types of ac drives, but this course focuses on low voltage less than vac ac drives used with threephase induction motors, the most common pairing used in industrial applications. Module 2 introduction to distribution equipment this module deals with products such as. The footing works for nearly any retrofit and a broad selection of options makes custom orders a thing of the past, allowing for optimal performance in diverse operating conditions. Chapter 2 ac drive fundamentals this chapter covers.
In the intermediate dc circuit, the dc voltage is filtered in a lc lowpass filter. Ac motor, main drive controller assembly, and driveoperator interface 210211. Application of ac drives for electrically operated overhead crane have been discussed. In many commercial, industrial, and utility applications electric motors are used to transform electrical energy into mechanical energy. In most process there may be a need for controlling a variable of the process. Chapter 1 introduction to ac motors this chapter provides an overview of the components of an ac motor, how the motor operates and ac motor terms and concepts. Variable speed drives used to control ac motors are called ac drives. Vfd is shorted for variable frequency drive also known as ac drives and inverters thats used to make an ac motor working in variable speed among other parameters. Guide to variable speed drives describes basics of different variable speed drives vsd and how they are used in industrial processes. Examples of how a dc rectifier bridge operates are given on the next few pages.
Variable speed drives used to control dc motors are called dc drives. As you study this and the following modules on ac alternating current theory, notice that the circuits described use two main components, inductors and capacitors, which in many ways seem to have. Demands for efficient production and better maintainability are on the rise, spurred by global competition. The ac drive or inverter devices can control the number of rotations, that is the speed of the ac motor by converting ac threephase or single phase once into dc, and converting this dc into again threephase ac whose frequency can be flexibly changed. The ac electric motor used in a vfd system is usually a threephase induction motor. Before discussing ac motors and drives, it is necessary to discuss some of the basic terminology associated with their operation. Lecture notes on power electronics subject code bee1602 6th semester b. Ac drives receive ac power and convert it to an adjustable frequency, adjustable voltage output for. If the drive only controls the output frequency, the motor speed will deviate from the set speed due to slip.
Variable speed drives, like the siemens micromaster, micromaster. A substantial number of different ac dc and dcdc topologies appropriate for dc motor drives are presented. There are many types of ac drives, but this course focuses on low voltage less than vac ac drives used with threephase induction motors, the. The drive theory is an important concept in psychoanalysis. Components are designed to work together seamlessly, delivering the most costeffective, right sized drive system for any application. Nema enclosures, digest overview, and circuit breakers.
Streicher rockwell automation mequon wisconsin quite often, line and load reactors are installed on ac drives without a solid understanding of why or what the positive and negative consequences are for adding this piece of hardware. Siemens ac drives can easily communicate with other control devices such as programmable logic controllers plcs and personal computers pcs through the profibusdp communication system and other various protocols mechanical basics. Like any form of power conversion, pwm drives or associated loads should be designed and tested to meet specific performance and efficiency. Sd200 the simotics sd200 low voltage motor from siemens combines flexibility, performance and efficiency to meet any customer need. It is like reducing the speed of a car by pressing less on the accelerator instead of using the brake to slow down the speed.
When exported from japan, this manual does not require application to the ministry of economy, trade and industry for service transaction permission. Pulse width modulated pwm drives ac drives using pwm techniques. Of course, variable frequency drives vfds and ac motors are now offering an alternative to dc drives and motors, but there are many other applications where dc drives are extensively used including crane and hoists, elevators, spindle drives, winders, paper production machines, crushers, etc. Ac drive usage has increased dramatically in hvac applications. Centrifugal fans, pumps, compressors as the speed of the device is slowed, the torque and power required to run the. In this type of drive, a diode bridge rectifier provides the intermediate dc circuit voltage. If this stage were isolated from the rest of the power structure, we would see a dc. Electronic speed controllers for ac motors usually convert the ac supply to dc using a rectifier, and then convert it back to a.
Ac drives basic properties, terminology and theory an ac drive is an electronic device that converts a fixed frequency and voltage to an adjustable frequency and ac voltage source. Lecture notes on power electronics veer surendra sai. Module 8 ac reactive components this module describes inductance and capacitance and their effects on ac circuits. A thyristor bridge is a technique commonly used to control the speed of a dc motor by varying the dc voltage. One component defines the magnetic flux of the motor, the other the torque. Pdf application of ac motors and drives in steel industries. Ac drives are used to stepless speed control of squirrel cage induction motors mostly used in process plants due to its ruggedness and maintenance free long life.
The ac drives are now commonly applied to air handlers, pumps, chillers and tower fans. The inverter is only one part of an ac drive, however, it is common practice to refer to an ac drive as an inverter. Fundamentals of servo motion control the fundamental concepts of servo motion control have not changed significantly in the last 50 years. Guide to variable speed drives describes basics of different variable speed drives. Electric forklifts are driven by storage batteries, are easy to operate, stable, make low.
In an ac drive, the converter stage consists of a threephase, full wave diode bridge, though scrs silicon controlled rectifiers are sometimes used in place of diodes. Directive in the users systems and installations when using ac drives. Pwm motor drives theory and measurement considerations. Ac drives lead the technical revolution of electric forklifts. Siemens drive technology siemens electromechanical drive systems help you increase uptime and minimize total cost of ownership tco. Ac drives figure 1 typical ac drive power structure. Basic transformer operation can be described by two formulae relating the transformation ratio to the turns ratio of the transformer windings. The dc can be considered a particular case of the general ac, with frequency equal to zero. Prerequisites module 1 fundamentals of electricity the first module introduces some important concepts that need to be understood in order to effectively learn the material in introduction to ac drives. Pdf this paper discusses variable voltage drives in lift systems, analyses the basic. Some types of singlephase motors or synchronous motors can be advantageous in some situations, but. The teaching of basic science often involves what are known as lies to children, and. The basic reasons for using servo systems in contrast to open loop systems include the need to improve transient response times, reduce the steady state errors and reduce the sensitivity to load parameters. This manual is intended to help users of variable speed drives successfully install and utilise siemens standard drives.
A directly excited motor may be called hysteresis synchronous, or ac permanent magnet synchronous includes a rotor with a cylinder of a permanent magnet alloy. Bearing currents in modern ac drive systems explains how to avoid damages. The simplest principle of the motor is to use electromagnets with currents to create force to move something in other words, to convert electrical energy to rotational mechanical energy. Yaskawa pays off the promise of being in control with products that make businesses move. Siemens standard drives application handbook martin brown. The driveconfig kit is a new drive configuration tool for abb component drives, acs55, offering fast and safe configuration of unpowered drives. Variable frequency drive basics theory variable speed drives. This dc output would be a half cycle according to ac input phase frequency so ac drives use a capacitor bank to stabilize and smooth this dc voltage. Therefore in order to control the speed of a standard ac motor, the applied frequency and. These ac drives incorporate the latest technological advancements in ac motor speed control, made possible by experience and dedication to quality in design and manufacturing. Ac induction motor speed control so what can we do to control the speed of an ac induction motor. Ac drives function by converting a constant ac frequency and voltage into a variable frequency and voltage.
A variablefrequency drive is a device used in a drive system consisting of the following three main subsystems. As of today we have 77,691,594 ebooks for you to download for free. Ac motor theory entails the use of electromagnets with currents to create force, and therefore motion. If you want to rotate and object at some specific angles or distance, then you use servo motor. The payback time of an ac drive is typically one year or less. The ac drive controls the speed of the pump and fan by changing the electrical energy supplied rather than damping the air or water flow. Module 7 basic ac theory this module describes the basic concepts of alternating current ac electrical circuits and discusses the associated terminology. It controls the speed, torque, horsepower and direction of an ac motor.
The ac induction motor is the most used electrical motor in industrial applications worldwide. Other motors that are included are 1phase induction motors, permanent synchronous motors and synchronous reluctance motors. Ac drives properties, terminology and theory of ac drives. Drivebrowser for monitoring and tuning low voltage general machinery, standard, and industrial drives over ethernet network. Pulse width modulated pwm drives rockwell automation. Module 2 introduction to distribution equipment this module deals with. Our drives cover every automation application need in the industrial plant. What exactly is an ac drive and just how does it work.
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